Minor or significant delays in speech sound milestones. Can be caused by developmental or environmental factors (e.g., English being a second language) as well as medical diagnosis (e.g. ASD, Down's Syndrome). Support for children and adults who struggle with articulation, phonology and/or motor speech (e.g. childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria).

A 'voice disorder' is when there is a difference in a child’s vocal pitch (eg, higher or lower) intensity (eg,
louder or softer), or quality (eg, raspy, gravely or airy) that makes it differ significantly from the voices of their peers.

A 'resonance disorder' is when something in the oral or nasal cavities changes the way a person’s voice sounds. This can cause hyper-nasality ( when air escapes through the nose when it shouldn’t), hypo-nasality (when not enough air passes through the nose making it sound like they have a cold), mixed nasality (a combination of both hypo-nasality and hyper-nasality), or cul-de-sac resonance (when consonants sound muffled or indistinct and speech volume can be low).

According to ASHA, “feeding disorders include problems with sucking, eating from a spoon,
chewing, or drinking from a cup. Swallowing disorders, also called dysphagia (dis-FAY-juh)
are difficulties with moving food or liquid from the mouth, throat, or esophagus to the
stomach."

Feeding and swallowing disorders are often related to other medical conditions but may also occur without a known cause.

Minor or significant delays in the learning and use of language, whether verbal or non-verbal,
due to deficits to the understanding and/or production of language. Deficits are considered across any of the 5 language domains and includes reading and writing. (i.e. phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics).

Difficulty with any aspect of communication when cognition is disrupted; this can include
difficulties with attention, memory, organization, problem solving/reasoning, and executive
functions (planning, monitoring and executing goals).

Difficulty with any of the above-mentioned communication disorders due to medical diagnosis such as: hearing impairments, traumatic brain injury, dementia, developmental, intellectual or genetic disorders and neurological impairments.

Minor or significant stuttering and/or cluttering. Stuttering is when the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, the lengthening of sounds and/or involuntary silent pauses or blocks (when a sound won’t come out). Stuttering can be accompanied by tension in the body and negative emotions. Cluttering is when speech is fast, unclear and/or disorganized making it difficult to understand.

Enhancing or creating phonological and phonemic awareness - understanding the way words can be broken down and put back together (i.e. the building blocks of literacy) - reading comprehension and writing. 

Characterized by difficulties with the use of verbal and nonverbal language for social interactions. Difficulties can be noticed in a person’s ability to vary speech style to match the situation, take the perspective of others, understand and use the rules for verbal and
nonverbal communication (body language), and use the structural aspects of language (eg,
vocabulary, grammar and phonology).